初中英语知识点总结

时间:2024-06-04 12:36:49 初中英语 我要投稿
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初中英语知识点总结

  总结是在一段时间内对学习和工作生活等表现加以总结和概括的一种书面材料,它能够给人努力工作的动力,因此好好准备一份总结吧。总结怎么写才不会千篇一律呢?以下是小编整理的初中英语知识点总结,仅供参考,大家一起来看看吧。

初中英语知识点总结

初中英语知识点总结1

  1.should可表示惋惜、忧虑、欢欣、惊讶等感情色彩以及婉转语气。

  Its a pity that she leave so soon. 很可惜,她很快就要离开了。(惋惜)

  They were worried that their motherland should be in such great

  danger.他们因祖国处在如此巨大的危险中而感到忧虑。(忧虑)

  It is unbelievable that my brother should be working so

  hard.难以置信,我弟弟工作竟然如此努力。(惊讶)

  I should think your answer is correct. 我想你的答案该是对的吧。(婉转)

  2.would可用于委婉的陈述、客气的请求和委婉的建议。

  I don’t think he would be so careless. 我认为他不会那么粗心。

  Would you like to come to my birthday party? 你想来参加我的生日聚会吗?

  3.dare可表示“胆敢”。

  I dare not say such rude things.我不敢说粗话。

  4.need可表示“需要”。

  Need I finish the task this afternoon? 我今天下午要完成任务吗?

  Tom, you needn’t worry too much. 汤姆,没必要这么担心。

  这里借用一下网友总结的'记忆口诀:

  动词原形接后面,说话语气较委婉。

  can 能力may许可,must责任或义务。

  否定回答needn’t换,需要need, dare敢。

  should应该,would愿,have to被迫表客观。

  情态动词虽然数量有限,但用法广泛。清楚所有情态动词的表示意义,对英语遣词造句具有非常重要的作用。

初中英语知识点总结2

  不定式的基本形式与结构

  动词不定式指通常由to加上动词原形(如to write)所构成的一种非限定性动词形式,但在有些情况下to可以省略。

  动词不定式有进行体和完成体(如上to be writing,to have written),也有被动态(如to be written),所有的主动词,不论是及物动词还是不及物动词,也不论是动作动词还是状态动词,都有不定式形式。助动词除be和have外,没有不定式形式。动词不定式在语法功能上可作主语、宾语、表语、定语和状语。

  不定式的用法

  1)不定式结构作主语

  Te get contact with his family in Taiwan made him extremely happy since they separated more than 40 years ago.To finish that task in such a short time is really a challenge.

  在上述情况下,如果不定式较长,显得头重脚轻,则可由代词让作形式主语(形式主语it不可由that或this等其他代词代替),而将不定式放到后面。如It made him extremely happy to get contact with his family in Taiwan since they separated more than 40 years ago.John admitted that it is always difficult for him to be on time.

  不定式结构所表示的动作是谁做的`,即不定式的逻辑主语,通常可以通过for sb.to do sth.结构表达It is quite important for us to read good books during a general review.It is not difficult fot those talented students to pass the exam.

  在某些形容词(如careless,clever,considerate,foolish,good,impolite,kind,naughty,nice,silly,stupid等)作表语时,不定式后可以加of来引导出其逻辑主语It is very kind of you to tell me the truth.It is stupid of him to do such a silly thing.

  2)不定式作宾语

  不定式作宾语有两种一种是及物动词后直接跟带to的不定式,另一种是“及物动词+疑问词+带to的不定式。

  及物动词+带to的不定式结构:只能跟动词不定式的动词,常见的有:afford,agree,aim,appear,ask,believe,care,claim,decide,demand,desire,determine,expect,fail,happen,hesitate,hope,intend,learn,long,manage,offer,pretend,promise,prepare,refuse,seek,swear,undertake,want,wish等。

  He managed to solve the complicated problem.The stranger offered to show me the way.Mr.Smith undertook to build a new plant in South Africa.

  动词+疑问代(副)词+不定式这类动词常见的有advise,decide,find out,forget,inquire,know,learn,see,regard初中英语语法总结,remember,teach,tell,understand,wonder等。

  常见的疑问代(副)词有:what,when,where,which,how,whether等。

  He does not know when to start.You can decide whether to continue or to stop.

  I will show you how to deal with it.

  有时,不定式可由it代替,而把不定式放到后面去。这可以用这一结构表达动词(如find,think,consider,feel等)+it+形容词+不定式。She considers it necessary to make friends with him.We find it difficult to finish all the homework before 9 o’clock.

初中英语知识点总结3

  一、need和dare的用法

  need和dare既可用作情态动词,也可用作实义动词。用作情态动词时,主要用于否定句和疑问句。用作实义动词时,可用于各种句式。

  1、用作情态动词

  Need I come? --Yes, you must. --我需要来吗? --需要。 You neednt telephone him now.你现在不必打电话给他。

  I dont think you need worry.我想你不必发愁。

  She dare not go out alone at night.她晚上不敢一个人出去。

  How dare you say Im unfair?你竟敢说我不公平?

  Not one of them dared mention this.他们谁也不敢提这件事。

  2、用作实义动词

  You dont need to do it yourself.你不必亲自做这件事。

  We need to tell them the news.我们需要把这消息告诉他们。

  The table needs painting (to be painted.).桌子需要油漆一下。

  We should dare to give our own opinion.我们要敢于提出自己的观点。

  He did not dare (to) look up.他不敢抬头看。

  I dare day hell come again.我想他会再来的'。(I dare say…为固定习语)

  二、情态动词后跟完完成这项工作的。

  He isnt here. He must have missed the train.他还未到,一定是没赶上火车。 Where can (could) he gone?他能到那里去了呢?

  You may (might) have read about it.你可能在报上已经读到这件事了。 You could (might) have been more careful.你本来可以更细心的。

  He neednt have worried it.他本不必为此事担心。

  There was a lot of fun at yesterdays party. You ought to have come, but why didnt you?昨天的聚会非常有意思。你本应该来,为何不来呢?

  三、动词be(is,am,are)的用法

  我(I)用am,你(you)用are,is跟着他(he)、她(she)、它(it)。单数名词用is,复数名词全用are。变否定,更容易,be后not加上去。变疑问,往前提,句末问号莫丢弃。还有一条须注意,句首大写莫忘记。

  四、 this,that和it用法

  (1)this和that是指示代词,it是人称代词。

  (2)距离说话人近的人或物用this,距离说话人远的人或物用that。如:

  This is a flower.这是一朵花。(近处)

  That is a tree.那是一棵树。(远处)

  (3)放在一起的两样东西,先说this,后说that。如:

  This is a pen. That is a pencil.这是一支钢笔。那是一支铅笔。

  (4)向别人介绍某人时说This is…,不说That is…。如:

  This is Helen. Helen, this is Tom.这是海伦。海伦,这是汤姆。

  (5)This is不能缩写,而That is可以缩写。如:

  This is a bike. That’s a car.这是一辆自行车。那是一辆轿车。

  (6)打电话时,介绍自己用this,询问对方用that。如:

  —Hello! Is that Miss Green?喂,是格林小姐吗?

  —Yes, this is. Who’s that?是的,我是,你是谁?

  注意:虽然汉语中使用“我”和“你”,但英语中打电话时绝不可以说:I am…, Are you…?/Who are you?

  (7)在回答this或that作主语的疑问句时,要用it代替this或that。如:

  ①—Is this a notebook?这是笔记本吗?

  —Yes, it is.是的,它是。

  ②—What’s that?那是什么?

  —It’s a kite.是只风筝。

  五、these和those用法

  this, that, these和those是指示代词,these是this的复数形式,指时间、距离较近的或下面要提到的人或事;those是that的复数形式,指时间、距离较远或前面已经提到过的`人或事物。

  ①This is my bed. That is Lily’s bed.这是我的床。那是莉莉的床。

  ②These pictures are good.那些画很好。

  ③ Are those apple trees?那些是苹果树吗?

  在回答主语是these或those的疑问句时,通常用they代替these或those以避免重复。如:

  Are these/those your apples?这些(那些)是你的苹果吗?

  Yes, they are.是的,他们是。

初中英语知识点总结4

  在英语中,谓语动词在人称和数上必须和主语保持一致。

  1、以there或here引起的句子,谓语是be动词时,如果主语是并列的几个名词,谓语动词应和最靠近它的一个名词保持人称和数的一致。

  例如:

  There are two trees and a well behind the house.

  Here is an apple,two oranges and some peaches for you.

  2、由neither…nor/either…or/not only…but also/not…but等连接的名词或代词作主语时,谓语动词应与最靠近他的一个名词或代词保持人称和数上的一致。

  例如:

  Neither jack nor I have seen the film.

  Either you or I am worry.

  Not only you but also he comes here every day.

  3、each和由some/any/one/every/构成的复合代词,都作单数看待,谓语动词应用单数形式。

  例如:

  Each of us has something to say .

  Is everyboday ready?

  Someboday is using the phone.

  4、主语后接with/together with/as well as/but等短语作定语时,谓语形式不受定语的影响。

  例如:

  The teacher together with his students is going there on foot.

  5、many a(许多)和more than one(不止一个)等作定语去修饰作主语的单数可数名词时,谓语动词用单数。

  例如:

  Many a way has been tried.

  6、pair of等表示数量的名词短语修饰主语时,谓语的.形式要与pair等名词形式一致。常见的有:pair of/kind of/type of/box of等。(但a lot of/lots of和a number of不属于这一类)。

  例如:

  There is a pair of shoes left.

  7、从句或短语(包括不定式和动名词)作主语时,往往表达一种抽象概念,谓语动词用单数。

  例如:

  Waving hand is to say“goodbye”.

  What he said is wrong.

  8、maths/news/physics/the united states等单数概念,复数形式的名词作主语时,谓语动词多用单数。

  例如:

  The united states was founded in 1776.

  9、时间、距离、金钱、重量、容量等名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数。

  例如:

  Twenty years is a long time.

  Two hundreds dollars is a lot of money.

  10、the number of+名词,谓语动词用单数:a number of+名词,谓语动词用复数。

初中英语知识点总结5

  一、动词+介词

  at…看…,look like … 看上去像……,look after …照料…

  to…听……

  to…欢迎到……

  hello to …向……问好

  to…对……说话

  此类短语相当于及物动词,其后必须带宾语,但宾语无论是名词还是代词,都要放在介词之后。如:

  This is my new bike. Please look it after.(×)

  This is my new bike. Please look after it.(√)

  二、动词+副词

  “动词+副词”所构成的短语义分为两类:

  A.动词(vt.)+副词

  on 穿上 off脱下 down记下

  此类短语可以带宾语,宾语若是名词,放在副词前后皆可;宾语若是人称代词,只能放在副词的前面。试比较:

  First listen to the tape, then write down the answer/write the answer down. (√)

  First listen to the answer, then write down it.(×)

  First listen to the answer, then write it down.(√)

  B.动词(vi)+副词。

  on赶快 up起床 home回家 in进来 down坐下 up起立

  此类短语属于不及物动词,不可以带宾语。

  三、其它类动词词组

  the door the same to work/class ill a look/seat supper young shopping TV/games 10. play games.

  四、介词短语聚焦

  “介词+名词/代词”所构成的短语称为介词短语。现将Unitsl-16常用的`介词短语按用法进行归类。

  语言/颜色/衣帽等,表示使用某种语言或穿着……。如:in English,in the hat

  + Row/ Team/ Class/ Grade等,表示“在……排/队/班级/年级”等。

  the morning/ afternoon/ evening/ 表示“在上午/下午/傍晚”等一段时间。

  the desk/ pencil-box/bedroom 等表示“在书桌/铅笔盒/卧室里”。

  the tree表示“在树上 (非树本身所有)”;on the tree表示“在树上(为树本身所有)”。如:There are some in the tree. There are many apples on the trees.

初中英语知识点总结6

  I.要点

  表示说的话不是事实,或者是不可能发生的情况,而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。一般常用于正式的书面语中。

  1、虚拟语气的构成

  如:与现在事实相反

  If I had more time, I should study German.(fact:I have no more time, so I shall not study German.)

  If she were not so busy, she would attend the meeting this afternoon.(fact:she is very busy, so she will not attend the meeting this afternoon.) If they didn’t take physical eXercises every day, they

  wouldn’t be so healthy.(fact: they take physical eXercises every day, so they are very healthy.)

  与过去事实相反:

  I would have checked my paper again if I had had more time at yesterday’s eXamination.(fact:I had no more time at yesterday’s eXam, so I didn’t check my paper again) You would have already recovered from his illness if he had seen the doctor in good time.(fact: He didn’t see the doctor in good time ,so he hasn’t recovered from his illness ) 与将来事实相反:

  If it rains tomorrow, our picnic will be put off.(The weather has been changeable these days.) If it rained tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.( The weather has beenvery good these days.) If it should rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.(That would be out of our eXpectation.) If it were to rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.(条件从句谓语动词用were to +动词原形,表示下雨的可能性极小。Were to rain和should rain都表示“出乎意料之外”,但were to加强表示“当初没想到以后的事”)

  注:

  ((1)如果条件从句谓语动词包含有were或had, should, could

  有时可将if省去,但要倒装。如:

  Had you (If you had)invited us, we would have come to your party.

  (2)混合时间条件句的用法:

  有时条件从句的动作和主句动作发生的时间不一致。这时动词的'形式,应根据它所要表达的具体时间来决定用什么形式。

  (1)If she hadn’t trained so hard, she wouldn’t be run so fast.(从句叙述过去,主句叙述现在。) (fact: she has trained very hard, so she would able to run fast.)

  (2)You would speak English well enough if you had practised reading and speaking it every day.(主句叙述现在,从句叙述过去)

  (fact: You didn’t practice (hasn’t practiced )reading and speaking it every day, so you can’t speak English well enough.)

  (3)在其他状语从句中的。用法

  主要用于由as if (as though)引导的比较状语从句,从句中谓语动词一般用“动词的过去式(be变were )或had +过去分词。”如: She looked as if she were ill.(实际上她没有病,在这里用虚拟语气补语比喻她精神不佳)

  Xiao Liu speaks English so well as if he had studied in England.(这里用虚拟语气表现他的英语说得好)

  2、虚拟语气在各种从句的应用

  ((1)在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此等,其谓语形式是"should(可省)+动词原形",常用于以下三种句型中。 句型一、It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc)that…

  句型二、It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc)that… 句型三、It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc)that…

  如:It is strange that he (should)have done that. It is a pity that he (should)be so careless. It is requested that we (should)be so careless.

  (2)在宾语从句中用于suggest, propose, move, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等动词后的宾语从句中,表间接的命令和建议。其谓语形式是"(should)+动词原形"。如:

  I suggest that we (should)go swimming.

  (3)在表语从句中,表示间接的命令,要求、请求、建议、决定等,主句中的主语通常是suggestion, proposal, request, orders, idea等。从句谓语形式是"(should)+动词原形"。如: His suggestion is that we (should)leave at once. (4)在同位语从句中,谓语形式是"(should)+动词原形"。如: We received order that the work be done at once.

  (5)在It is time that…句型中,其谓语动词形式是"动词的过去式"或"should +动词原形",should不可省。如: Its time (that)we went ( should go)to school.

初中英语知识点总结7

  1. …as soon as…一…就…

  Mary一见到她弟弟就会告诉他这个消息。

  Mary will tell her brother this message as soon as he sees him.

  我们一到那儿就去爬山了。

  We went climbing as soon as we arrived / got / reached there.

  2. as + adj./adv.+ as… …和…一样(的/地)…

  not as(so)…as… …不如/不比… ….

  李雷和吉母跑得一样快。

  Li Lei runs as fast as Jim.

  约翰和你的年龄不一样大。

  John is not as (so) old as you.

  这部电视剧不如那部有趣。(TV series)

  This TV series is not as (so) interesting as that one.

  3. as +adj./adv.+ as possible尽可能…的/地…

  我们在英语课上应该尽可能地多讲英语。

  We should speak English as much as possible in English class.

  你能不能尽可能慢一些读这个句子?

  Can you read the sentence as slowly as possible?

  4. ask sb for sth向某人要求某物

  当你迷路时,你可以向警察需求帮助。

  When you get lost, you can ask the police for help.

  一些学生经常向父母要钱去玩电子游戏。(video games)

  Some students often ask their parents for money to play video games.

  他向父母要一辆自行车作为生日礼物。

  He asked his parents for a bicycle as his birthday present.

  5. ask/ tell sb. (how) to do sth询问/告诉某人如何做某事

  许多学生经常问老师如何才能学好英语。

  Many students often ask their teachers how to learn English well.

  让我来告诉你如何发邮件。

  Let me tell you how to send an e-mail.

  6. ask / tell /want sb (not) to do sth.要求(让)/告诉/想要某人做(不做)某事

  护士告诉我服用此药需一日三次,饭后服用。

  The nurse told me to take this medicine three times a day after meals.

  老师经常告诉我要更加努力地学习。

  The teacher often tells me to study harder.

  他让我不要再犯同样的错误。

  He asked me not to make the same mistake again.

  7. make/ let /have sb. (not) do sth使/让某人做(不做)某事

  他使得孩子哭得很厉害。

  He made the child cry loudly.

  昨天他使我在影院门口等了很长时间。

  He made me wait for long (for a long time) at the gate of the cinema yesterday.

  直到我们做完了作业,妈妈才让我们去玩球。

  Mother didn’t let us play football until we finished our homework.

  那个老板迫使工人们每天工作10小时。

  That boss made the workers work (for) ten hours a day.

  8. be afraid of doing / to do/that害怕/不敢做某事

  这个小女孩不敢晚上出去。

  The little girl is afraid to go out in the evening / at night.

  他害怕独自呆在家里。

  He is afraid of staying at home alone.

  许多人担心他们会失去工作。(be afraid that)

  Many people are afraid that they will lose their jobs.

  9. be busy with sth. / doing sth.忙于某事/做某事

  现在学生们忙于准备考试。

  Now students are busy preparing for the exams.

  昨天下午妈妈都在忙着做家务。(两种)

  Mother was busy with housework yesterday afternoon.

  Mother was busy doing housework yesterday afternoon.

  10. be famous / late /ready / sorry for sth.

  因…而著名/ (做)…迟到了/晚了/为…准备/为…而抱歉

  如果你不快点,你就会上班迟到。

  If you don’t hurry, you will be late for work.

  杭州以丝绸而出名。

  Hangzhou is famous for silk.

  我们已经准备好迎接奥运会了。

  We have been ready for the Olympic Games.

  我为我的错误而抱歉。

  I am sorry for my mistake.

  11. be glad that很高兴…

  我很高兴你能来参加晚会。

  I am very glad that you can come to the evening party.

  老师很高兴我们班得了第一名。

  The teacher was very glad that our class was the first / won the first prize.

  12. give/ show/ bring/ lend/ send/ pass/ tell / offer sth to sb

  buy/give/ show/ send/ pass/ bring/ lend/ tell sb. sth

  给某人某物;给某人看某物;给某人带来某物;借给某人某物;送给某人某物;递给某人某物;把某事告诉给某人;主动给某人某物

  请递给我一张纸。

  Please pass me a piece of paper.

  =Please pass a piece of paper to me.

  请把你的画给我看看。

  Please show me your picture.

  =Please show your picture to me

  他借给我一辆自行车。

  He lent me a bike.

  =He lent a bike to me.

  别忘了下次来给我带点儿钱。

  Don’t forget to bring me some money when you come here next time.

  = Don’t forget to bring some money to me when you come here next time.

  13. either…or…或…或…,不是…就是…,要么…要么…

  不是你,就是他是对的。

  Either you or he is right. V.就近原则

  每个周末,我们要么去公园,要么呆在家里。

  We either go to a park or stay at home every weekend. (at/on weekends.)

  要了解世界,人们既可以读报纸,也可以看电视。

  People can either read newspapers or watch TV to get to know the world.

  14. neither…nor…既不…也不…,两者都不…

  我和他都没有读过这本书。

  Neither he nor I have ever read this book. V.就近原则

  这个女孩已经十岁了,但她既不会读书,也不会写字。

  The girl is already ten, but she can neither read nor write.

  15. enjoy/ finish/mind/ keep/ practise/go on doing sth.

  享受做…之乐;做完某事;介意做某事;一直做某事;练习做某事;继续做…

  我们应该经常练习讲英语。

  We should often practice speaking English.

  我奶奶一直坚持早晨锻炼身体已经有十年了。

  My grandma has kept doing exercise in the morning for ten years.

  16. find /think / feel + it + adj. (for sb.)to do sth.发现/认为/觉得做某事如何

  越来越多的人发现吃太多汉堡包不利于健康。

  More and more people have found it unhealthy to eat too many hamburgers.

  很多大学生发现在大学中交友很难。

  A lot of students have found it very hard to make friends at college.

  17. get + adj.的比较级+ and + adj.的比较级变得越来越…

  地球变得越来越暖和了。

  It gets warmer and warmer on the earth.

  春天到了,天气变得越来越热了。

  Spring is coming and it’s getting warmer and warmer.

  北京变得越来越美丽了。

  Beijing is becoming more and more beautiful.

  18. The + adj./adv.的比较级,the + adj./adv.的比较级。越...,就越…。

  天气越冷,人们穿得就越多。

  The colder it is, the more people wear.

  我们种的.树越多,空气就会越干净。

  The more trees we plant, the cleaner the air will be.

  英语,我们练习得越多,说得就越好。

  The more we practice speaking English, the better we can speak.

  你越强健,患感冒的机会就越少。

  The stronger you are, the less chance you will catch a cold.

  19. It is +序数词+ adj./adv.的最高级+ n.

  黄河是中国第二长的河流。

  The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.

  他是我们班跑得第二快的。

  He runs the second fastest in our class.

  20. one of the +最高级+ n. (pl.)是最…之一者

  姚明是世界上最好的篮球运动员之一。

  Yao Ming is one of the best basketball players in the world.

  三亚是中国最美丽的城市之一。

  Sanya is one of the most beautiful cities in China.

初中英语知识点总结8

  一、词类、句子成分和构词法:

  1、词类:英语词类分十种:

  名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。

  1、名词(n.): 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.

  2、代词(pron.): 主要用来代替名词。如:who, she, you, it .

  3、形容词(adj..):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good, right, white, orange .

  4、数词(num.): 表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.

  5、动词(v.): 表示动作或状态。如:am, is,are,have,see .

  6、副词(adv.): 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now, very,here, often, quietly, slowly.

  7、冠词(art..):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a, an, the.

  8、介词(prep.): 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind.

  9、连词(conj.): 用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before .

  10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello.

  2、句子成分:英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。

  1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。

  如:I‘m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)

  2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如:the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间)

  3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如:My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍)

  4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如:He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词)

  有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信)

  有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如:He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)

  5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如: Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)

  6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如:()

  7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如:They usually

  keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁) / He often helps me do my (他常常) / The teacher wanted me )

  ☆同位语通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况。如:Where is your classmate Tom ?(你的同学汤姆在哪里?)

  3、构词法:英语构词法主要有:合成法、派生法和转换法。

  1、合成法:如:spaceship, headache, basketball, playground等等。

  2、派生法:

  (1)派生名词:①动词+er/or ②动词+ing ③动词+(t)ion ④形容词+ness ⑤其他,如:inventor, learner, swimming, congratulation, kindness, carelessness, knowledge

  (2)派生形容词:①名词+y ②名词+ful ③动词+ing/ed ④friendly ⑤dangerous ⑥

  Chinese; Japanese ⑦English ⑧French ⑨German ⑩国名+(i)an 如:snowy, sunny, hopeful, beautiful, interesting, follwing, daily(每日的),nervous, delicious

  (3)派生副词:①形容词+ly ②其它,如:slowly, angrily, full→fully, good→well, possible→possibly等等。

  3、转换法:

  (1)形容词→动词,如:dry(干燥的)→dry(弄干), clean(干净的)→clean(打扫,弄干净),等等。

  (2)动词→名词,如:look, walk, rest, work, study, swim, go, talk等等。

  (3)名词→动词,如:hand(手)→(传递),face(脸)→(面对)等等。

  (4)形容词→副词,如:early→early, fast→fast等等。

  (5)副词→连词,如:when(什么时候)→(当……时候),等等。

  (6)介词→副词,如:in(到……里)→(在里面;在家),on(在…上)→(进行,继续),等等。

  二、名词:

  1、英语名词可分专有名词和普通名词两大类:

  1、专有名词是个别的人、地、物、团体、机构等的专用名称。

  专有名词中实词的第一个字母要大写。

  如:Beijing, Tom, the People‘s Republic of China(中华人民共和国)

  专有名词如果是含有普通名词的短语,则必须使用定冠词the。如:the Great Wall(长城)

  姓氏名如果采用复数形式,则表示该姓氏一家人(复数含义),如:the Greens( 格林一家人)。

  2、普通名词是许多人或事物的共有名称。如:pupil, family, man, foot.

  普通名词又分为可数名词和不可数名词。

  ▲可数名词是可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词,如: box, child, orange;

  ▲不可数名词是不可以用简单的数词进行计数的名词。如:water, news, oil, population,information .

  2、英语可数名词的单复数:英语可数名词有单数和复数两种形式。

  1、名词由单数变复数的基本方法如下:

  ①在单数名词词尾加s。如:map → maps,boy→ boys,horse→ horses, table→ tables. ②s,o,x ,sh,ch结尾的词加es.如:class→classes, box→boxes, hero→heroes, dish→dishes, bench→benches.

  [注]:少数以o结尾的词,变复数时只加s。如:photo→photos, piano→pianos.

  ③以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i,再加es。如:family→families, city→cities, party→parties.

  ④以f或fe结尾的名词,变f或fe为v,再加es。如:shelf→shelves, wolf→wolves, life→lives, knife→knives.

  2、不规则变化:man→men, woman→women, sheep→sheep,tooth→teeth, fish→fish, child

  →children, ox→oxen, goose→geese

  不可数名词一般没有复数形式,说明其数量时,要用有关计量名词。如:a bag of rice→two bags of rice, a piece of paper→three pieces of paper, a bottle of milk→five bottles of milk.

  3、名词所有格:

  1、 名词所有格表示所属关系,相当于物主代词,在句中作定语、宾语或主语。其构成法

  如下:

  (1)表示人或其它有生命的东西的名词常在词尾加?s。如:Childern‘s Day(儿童节), my sister‘s book(我姐姐的书)

  (2)以s或es结尾的复数名词。只在词尾加?。如:Teachers‘ Day(教师节)

  (3)有些表示时间、距离以及世界、国家、城镇等无生命的名词,也可在词尾加‘s. 如: newspaper(), break(), China‘s population(中国的人口).

  (4)无论表示有生命还是无生命的东西的名词,一般均可用介词of短语来表示所有关系。

  如:

  a fine daughter of the Party(党的好女儿).

  2、[注解]:

  ① ’s还可以表示某人的家或者某个店铺,如:my aunt‘s(我阿姨家), the doctor‘s(诊所) ② 两人共有某物时,可以采用 A and B‘s 的形式,如:Lucy and Lily‘s bedroom(露西和丽丽合住的卧室)

  ③ “of+名词所有格/名词性物主代词”,称为双重所有格,如:a friend of my father‘s(我

  父亲的一位朋友), a friend of mine(我的一位朋友)

  4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题:

  1、和谓语基本保持单复数的一致,即:主语是可数名词单数或不可数名词时,谓语动词

  用单数形式:如:The computer was a great invention.(计算机是个了不起的发明)The water in the glass is very cold.(玻璃杯里的水很冷)

  2、集体名词(如family, class, team, group, row, police, school等)做句子主语时,

  ① 如果表示整体概念,则谓语用单数形式,如:Class Three is a very good class.(三班是好班)

  ② 如果表示其中的所有成员时,则谓语用复数形式,如:Class Three have a map of China.(三班有张中国地图)

  3、Chinese, Japanese, fish, sheep, people等表示单个时谓语用单数,表示许多时,谓语用复

  数。如:There is a sheep in the yard.(院子里有只绵羊) / There are some sheep in the yard.(院子里有一些绵羊)

  4、maths, news等虽然有s结尾,但不是复数,因此谓语仍用单数:The news is very exciting.

  (这个消息令人兴奋)

  5、glasses, shoes, socks, trousers, gloves等名词往往用复数形式,故谓语用复数。如: The trousers are very cheap and I want to take them.(裤子很便宜,我想买)

  6、a lot of 后跟名词复数时谓语用复数形式,跟不可数名词时谓语用单数形式。 baseball now.(现在有许多学生在打垒球) wasted on that work.(大量的时间花在了那个工作上)(被动句)

  7、and 连接两个名词做主语时,谓语原则上用复数,但是两个名词若构成一个整体事物时,

  谓语则用单数。如:The teacher and his son are picking apples now.(老师和他的儿子在摘苹果) / Fish and chips is very famous food. (鱼和薯条是一种出名的食品)

  8、 there be 句型中be的单复数一般由靠近的名词决定。如:There is a table and four chairs in the room.(房间里有一张桌子和四张椅子)

  9、用both…and…连接两个事物做主语时,谓语一般用复数。如: required to be here tomorrow.(你和我明天要求都来)

  10、主语中含有with的短语时,谓语单复数由with之前的人物决定。如:A woman with a . (一名妇女带着一个七岁的'孩子(当时)就站在路边)

  11、either…or…或者 neither…nor…连接两个人物做句子主语时,谓语采用就近原则。如:(要么是你对,要么是他对。/你和他有一个人是对的) / Neither you nor going there.(你和我都不打算去那里)

  12、表示一段时间或长度概念的复数名词做主语时,谓语一般用单数。如:Two months is not a short time.(两个月不是个短时间)Two thousand kilometers is quite a long distance(距离).(两千千米是相当长的一段距离)

  13、主语中含有half of… / (three quarters)of… / all (of) the ….等词语时,谓语的单复数由名 词确定,如:Over three quarters of the information on the Internet is in English.(因特网上四分之三以上的信息是用英语写的) / A third of the students were playing near the lake.(学生的三分之一(当时)正在湖边玩耍) / All of the water in these rivers has been polluted.(这些河流中的水已经被污染了)(被动句)

  但是,population一词又有特殊情况: What‘(中国人口是多少?)(句子用单数) / Three quarters of the in this city are Arabs(阿拉伯人).(这个城市四分之三的人口是阿拉伯人)(句子用复数)

  5、部分名词用法辨析:

  1、sport、game、match、race 的区别:sport通常指“户外运动”,以锻炼为主,概念较大;game意思是“运动、比赛”,不管户内户外还是脑力体力,指以胜负为主的运动;match意为“竞赛、比赛”,多指正式比赛;race主要表示“赛跑、赛马、赛车”。如:People all around the world enjoy (全世界的人都喜爱运动) / The 2008 Olympic Games will be held in Beijing.(2008奥运会将在北京举行)(被动句) / Our school football team won the league (联赛).(我们学校足球队取得了联赛冠军) / They (汤他们很棒,赢得了划艇比赛)

  2、festival、holiday、vacation的区别:festival“节日”,指喜庆的日子或持续一段时间的文娱活动;holiday(假日、休息日),指法定假日或风俗习惯,复数可以表示一个较长的假期;vacation“假期”,指学习或工作中一段长时间的休息。如:The Shanghai Television Festival will be held next month.(上海电视节将在下个月举行) / Sunday is a holiday and most people do not work.(星期天是个假日,多数人不工作) / What are you going to do (在暑期你打算做什么事情?)

  3、journey、tour、trip、travel的区别:journey指在陆地上(或海上或空中)进行的长途旅行,不知终点,含有辛苦的意思;tour指途中作短期逗留的巡回旅行,强调游览多处,常用来指观光等;trip通常指往返定时的短途旅行,如出差度假等;travel多指长期或长途的观光旅行,尤其指到国外,没有明确目的地,也作不可数名词,指旅行这一行为。如:He made up his mind to make the to Dunhuang.(他拿定主意要去敦煌旅行)/ He has gone on a walking tour.(他步行观光去了) / He took several trips to Shanghai last yeaar.(去年他去了上海好几次) / Did you go to Santiago(圣地亚哥) during your (旅行期间你去圣地亚哥了吗?) / through thick forests is dangerous.(在密林里边穿行是很危险的)

  4、sound、noise、voice的区别:sound指各种声音;noise主要指“噪音”;voice指人的“嗓音”。如:The noise of the street kept me awake in the night.(街上的喧嚣声让我彻夜难眠) / All of a sudden there was the sound of shots and a cry.(突然间传来几声枪响和一声尖叫) / The singer has lost her ringing voice as a result of a bad cold.(因为感冒的缘故,这个歌唱家失去了她银铃般的嗓音)

  5、fish的问题:指许多条鱼且不管种类时,用fish,单复数相同;fishes 指许多种类的鱼;fish指“鱼肉”时是不可数名词。如:There are many kinds of fishes in the pool. (池子里有很多种类的鱼)/ I prefer fish to meat.(与肉相比我更喜欢鱼)

  三、代词:

  1、代词的分类:英语中代词分为:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、指示代词、关系代词、疑问代词、连接代词和不定代词等等。

  Are they from Brazil?(他们是巴西人吗?) / Where have they gone?(他们上哪儿去了?) / That‘s it.(就那么回事) / It‘s he!(是他!)

  2、宾格用来作及物动词或者介词的宾语。如:Who teach your English this year?(今年谁教你们的英语?) / Help me!(救救我!) / We often write letters to her.(我们常给他写信)

  3、人称代词作表语或者放在比较状语从句连词than或as之后时,可以用主格形式,也可以用宾格形式,口语中大多用宾格。如:--Who is it?(是谁?) –It‘s I/me.(是我。)

  4、 三个不同人称同时出现,或者主语中包含“我”时,按照“you→he→I”的顺序表达。如: .(我和他都在那家电脑公司上班) –Who will go there?(谁要去那儿?) –.(你和我)

  5、 人称代词it除了可以指人指物之外,还可以表示“时间、天气、温度、距离、情况”等含义,此外还可以作“非人称代词”使用,替代作主语或者宾语的不定式、动名词或者名词性从句。如:--What‘s the weather like today?(今天天气怎样?)—It‘s fine.(天气晴好) / --What‘s the time?(几点啦?) –It‘s 12:00.(12点) / It‘s a long way to go.(那可要走好长的路) / It took him three days to clean his house.(打扫屋子花了他三天的时间) / It is very clear that the public want to know when these men can go into (很显然,公众想知道这些人什么时候能进入太空)learn a foreign language well.(我们发觉要学好一门外语是非常困难的)

  3、Is that your umbrella?(那是你的伞吗?) / I often go to see my aunt on Sundays.(我经常在星期天去看望阿姨) / They are their books.(是他们的书)

  2、名词性物主代词相当于名词,既代替事物又表明所属关系,在句子中往往独立地作主语、宾语或者表语,后面千万不可以跟名词。如:

  This is your cup,but where is mine?(这是你的杯子,可我的在哪儿?) / Your .(你们的教室很大,我们的相当小)

  3、“of + 名词性物主代词”称为双重所有格,作定语时放在名词的后面。如:

  A friend of mine came to see me yesterday.(我的一个朋友昨天来看我了) (指若干朋友中有一个来看我。)

  [试比较] .(我的朋友昨天来看我了)(指我的那个特定的朋友来看我。)

  4、Don‘t play with the knife, you might hurt (不要玩刀子,那会割伤你的)

  2、在句子中作同位语表示强调(即用来强调名词或代词的语气)。如:

  Only he didn‘t tell it well.(故事本身是好的,只是他没有讲好)

初中英语知识点总结9

  I.要点

  表示说的话不是事实,或者是不可能发生的情况,而是一种愿望、建议或与事实相反的假设等。一般常用于正式的书面语中。

  1、虚拟语气的构成

  如:与现在事实相反

  If I had more time, I should study German.(fact:I have no more time, so I shall not study German. )

  If she were not so busy, she would attend the meeting this afternoon.(fact:she is very busy, so she will not attend the meeting this afternoon.)

  If they didn’t take physical exercises every day, they wouldn’t be so healthy.(fact: they take physical exercises every day, so they are very healthy.)

  与过去事实相反:

  I would have checked my paper again if I had had more time at yesterday’s examination.(fact:I had no more time at yesterday’s exam, so I didn’t check my paper again)

  You would have already recovered from his illness if he had seen the doctor in good time.(fact: He didn’t see the doctor in good time ,so he hasn’t recovered from his illness )

  与将来事实相反:

  If it rains tomorrow, our picnic will be put off.(The weather has been changeable these days.)

  If it rained tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.( The weather has beenvery good these days.)

  If it should rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off.(That would be out of our expectation.)

  If it were to rain tomorrow, our picnic would be put off. (条件从句谓语动词用were to +动词原形,表示下雨的.可能性极小。Were to rain和should rain都表示“出乎意料之外”,但were to加强表示“当初没想到以后的事”)

  注:

  (1)如果条件从句谓语动词包含有were或had, should, could有时可将if省去,但要倒装。如:

  Had you (If you had) invited us, we would have come to your party.

  (2)混合时间条件句的用法:

  有时条件从句的动作和主句动作发生的时间不一致。这时动词的形式,应根据它所要表达的具体时间来决定用什么形式。

  1) If she hadn’t trained so hard, she wouldn’t be run so fast.(从句叙述过去,主句叙述现在。)

  (fact: she has trained very hard, so she would able to run fast.)

  2)You would speak English well enough if you had practised reading and speaking it every day.(主句叙述现在,从句叙述过去)

  (fact: You didn’t practice (hasn’t practiced ) reading and speaking it every day, so you can’t speak English well enough.)

  (3)在其他状语从句中的用法

  主要用于由as if (as though)引导的比较状语从句,从句中谓语动词一般用“动词的过去式(be变were )或had +过去分词。”如:

  She looked as if she were ill.(实际上她没有病,在这里用虚拟语气补语比喻她精神不佳)

  Xiao Liu speaks English so well as if he had studied in England.(这里用虚拟语气表现他的英语说得好)

  2、虚拟语气在各种从句的应用

  (1)在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、惋惜、理应如此等,其谓语形式是"should(可省) +动词原形",常用于以下三种句型中。

  句型一:It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc) that…

  句型二:It is a pity (a shame, no wonder, etc) that…

  句型三:It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc) that…

  如:It is strange that he (should) have done that.

  It is a pity that he (should) be so careless.

  It is requested that we (should) be so careless.

  (2)在宾语从句中用于suggest, propose, move, insist, desire, demand, request, order, command等动词后的宾语从句中,表间接的命令和建议。其谓语形式是"(should)+动词原形"。如:

  I suggest that we (should) go swimming.

  (3)在表语从句中,表示间接的命令,要求、请求、建议、决定等,主句中的主语通常是suggestion, proposal, request, orders, idea等。从句谓语形式是"(should)+动词原形"。如:

  His suggestion is that we (should) leave at once.

  (4)在同位语从句中,谓语形式是"(should)+动词原形"。如:

  We received order that the work be done at once.

  (5)在It is time that…句型中,其谓语动词形式是"动词的过去式"或"should +动词原形",should不可省。如:

  It's time (that) we went ( should go) to school.

初中英语知识点总结10

  知识点总结

  一、 形容词是用来描写或修饰名词或代词,说明人或事物的特征或性质的, 形容词往往被译成“···的”。用法如下:

  1.做定语。e.g. This is an old house.

  2.做表语。e.g.I am sorry to hear that.

  3.做宾语不足语。e.g.She made her mother angry.

  4.形容词在句中的位置。 形容词做定语修饰名词时,放在名词前面。修饰不定代词时要放在不定代词之后。

  e.g.She is a clever girl.

  I saw something white in the water.

  5.某些形容词前加上定冠词the,可以代表一类人或东西,可以用作主语,宾语等。做主语时当复数看待。

  e.g.The old are well looked after.

  We all love the beautiful.

  二、 形容词的等级变化

  在英语中形容词有原级,比较级和最高级之分。原级就是它们的原形,比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化。

  (一)形容词的比较级和最高级变化

  1.规则变化

  单音节词和部分双音节词

  (1)一般在词尾加er,est. hard---harder---hardest great---greater---greatest

  (2)以字母e结尾的加r,st. nice---nicer----nicest able---abler----ablest

  (3)重读闭音节中末尾只有一个辅音字母时,双写辅音字母,再加er,est.

  big---bigger---biggest (另外还有fat, red,hot,wet,sad,mad ,thin )

  (4) 以 -y 结尾,但 -y 前是辅音字母的形容词的比较级和最高级是把 -y 去掉,加 上 -ier 和-est 构成. happy (原形) happier (比较级) happiest (最高级)

  (5)双音节和多音节形容词的比较级和最高级需用more 和 most 加在形容词前面来构成。

  例如: beautiful (原级) difficult (原级)

  more beautiful (比较级) more difficult (比较级)

  most beautiful (最高级) most difficult (最高级)

  2、 常用的不规则变化的形容词的比较级和最高级:

  原级 比较级 最高级

  good better best

  many more most

  much more most

  bad worse worst

  little less least

  ill worse worst

  far farther(further) farthest(furthest)

  三、形容词比较等级的用法:

  1、形容词的比较级用于两个人或事物的比较,其结构形式如下:

  主语+谓语(系动词)+ 形容词比较级+than+ 对比成分。例如:Our teacher is taller than we are. 我们老师的个子比我们的高。

  比较级前面可以用even, still, yet , any, much, rather, a little, a lot, by far等修饰语用以加强语气或表示比较程度。

  2、形容词最高级的用法: 形容词最高级用于两个以上的人和物进行比较,形容词最高级 前必须加the,后面多用of……, in……短语表示范围:其结构形式为:

  主语+谓语(系动词)+the+形容词最高级+名词+表示范围的短语或从句。

  She is the best student in her class. 她是班上最好的学生。

  He is the tallest of the three boys.他是三个男孩中最高的一个。

  四、 有关比较等级的'特殊句型及应注意的问题

  1. “比较级 + and + 比较级”或“more and more / less and less + 原级”结构表示“越来越……”的意思,与这类结构搭配的常用动词有grow, get, become等。

  She felt herself becoming more and more nervous.她觉得自己越来越紧张。

  it's getting colder and colder.天气越来越冷。

  2. the + 比较级 + of the two + 名词。表示“两个中较···的一个'

  Jane is the taller of the two children in our family. Jane是我家两个孩子中较高的。

  3. “the + 比较级……,the + 比较级……”,表示“越……,越……”。

  The more magazines you sell, the more money you will get.你卖的杂志越多,你挣的钱就越多。

  4.“...as + 形容词 + as...”或“...as + 形容词 + 名词 + as...”构成,表示同等比较。

  常见考法

  对于形容词的考查,多以单选或词语运用的形式考查学生在具体语境中灵活运用形容词的能力,尤其是在各种比较句型中灵活运用形容词。

  例如: Which month is____, June, July or August?

  A. hot B. hotter C. hottest D. the hottest

  解析:三者及以上比较用最高级形式,形容词最高级前必须加the,所以应用the hottest

  误区提醒

  在分辨比较等级时,对于易混淆形容词、副词,要谨慎对待。

  典型例题:Don't just believe the ad.That kind of camera is it says.

  A.as good as B.not so good as C.as well as D.not as well as

  解析:根据第二句的谓语动词be可以确定空白处缺少表语。此处的表语应由形容词充当,而 well表示“好”是副词,因此排除 C和D;根据第一句的意思我们可以知道说话者的观点,故此排除A.

  答案:B

初中英语知识点总结11

  句子成分

  1.主语:句子所陈述的对象。

  2.谓语:主语发出的动作。一般是有动作意义的.动词。

  3.宾语:分为动词宾语和介词宾语,属于动作的承受者。

  4.系动词:表示状态或状态变化的动词,没有实际的动作意义。如be,感官系动词(look, sound, smell,

  taste和feel)、保持类系动词(keep, stay和remain)、状态变化类系动词(become、get、turn和go)等。

  5.表语:紧跟系动词后面的成分。

  6.定语:修饰名词或代词的成分。

  7.状语:修饰形容词、副词、动词或句子的成分。

  8.补语:分为宾语补足语和主语补足语。是对宾语和主语的补充说明,与其有主动或被动的逻辑关系。

  例如:You should keep the room clean and tidy.你应该让屋子保持干净整洁。(You是主语,should

  keep是谓语,the room是宾语,clean and tidy是宾语补足语。)

  This kind of food tastes delicious.这种食物吃起来很可口。(This kind of

  food是主语,tastes是系动词,delicious是表语。)

初中英语知识点总结12

  宾语从句

  1.宾语从句的含义

  在主句中做宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。

  如:She knew that the teacher had seen the film.她知道这位老师看过这部电影。

  “that the teacher had seen the

  film”做knew的宾语,同时又是由连接词that引导的从句,所以它叫做宾语从句。

  2.宾语从句的分类

  (1)动词宾语从句:顾名思义,它是位于动词后面的宾语从句。

  如:He asked whose handwriting was the best in our class.他问我们班上谁的书法最好。

  (2)介词宾语从句:顾名思义,它是位于介词后面的宾语从句。

  如:I agree with what you said just now.我同意你刚才说的话。

  (3)形容词宾语从句:顾名思义,它是位于形容词后面的宾语从句。

  如:I am afraid that I will be late.恐怕我要迟到了。

  3.引导名词性从句的连接词

  (1)that:没有含义,在宾语从句中不做成分

  (2)whether/if:表示是否,在宾语从句中不做成分。

  I don t know if /whether he still lives here after so many

  years.我不知道这么多年后,他是否还住在这里。

  (3)连接代词:what, which, who, whom, whose(在宾语从句中做主、宾、表和定语)

  连接副词:where, when, how, why(在宾语从句中做状语)

  The small children don t know what is in their

  stockings.(what在宾语从句中做主语)这些小孩子不知道什么在他们的长筒袜里。

  Could you tell me why you were late for the meeting this

  morning?(why在宾语从句中做原因状语)你能告诉我为什么你今天早上开会迟到吗?

  4.在做宾语从句的'题目时应注意两点

  (1)时态:

  ①当主句是现在时态时,宾语从句可以根据需要使用任何时态。

  I don t know when he will come back.我不知道他将何时回来。

  He tells me that his sister came back yesterday.他告诉我他姐姐昨天回来了。

  ②当主句是过去时态时,宾语从句必须是一种过去的时态。

  She asked me if I knew whose pen it was.她问我是否知道这是谁的钢笔。

  He said that he could finish his work before supper.他说他会在晚饭前完成工作。

  ③当表示客观事实或普遍真理的句子做宾语从句时,任何时候都用一般现在时。

  The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.老师说过地球绕着太阳转。

  (2)语序:任何从句都使用陈述句语序,宾语从句当然也不例外。

初中英语知识点总结13

  现在进行时,从字面上理解,就是“现在正在进行、发生的动作”,表示动作发生的时间是“现在”,动作目前的状态是“正在进行中”。所谓“正在进行中”,是指在谈到这件事的时候,这个动作还在进行中。至于它是什么时候开始的,什么时候会停下来,不是我们关心的。所以“正在进行时”的事件,可能发生几年了,也可能只有几分钟。仍在进行中这是“正在进行时”的关键所在。它是一件持续进行的事情。

  一、现在进行时的构成

  现在进行时由"be+现在分词(v-ing)"构成。be应为助动词,一定不要漏掉哟!它应与主语的人称和数保持一致,即:I am/he/she/it 包括单数名词和不可数名词用is,you/we/they 包括复数名词用are. 。现在分词变化规则如下:

  1.动词后直接+ ing(例:sleep+ing sleeping)

  2.去掉不发音的e+ing(例:bite-e+ing biting)

  3.重读闭音节,且末尾只有1个辅音字母,双写辅音字母+ing(例: sitting

  sitting, beginning,getting,putting,running,stopping,cutting )

  4.特殊变化:die-dying,lie-lying,tie-tying

  句式构成如下:

  肯定句式:主语+be( am, is, are)+现在分词+其它.

  否定句式:主语+be(am, is, are) +not +现在分词+其它.

  一般疑问句:Be(am, is, are) +主语+现在分词+其它? ,,

  特殊疑问句:疑问词+be(am, is, are)+主语+现在分词+其它?

  二、现在进行时的应用

  A表示现在( 指说话人说话时) 正在发生的'事情。 例:We are waiting for you.

  B. 习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。 例:Mr. Green is writing another novel.

  (说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。) 例:She is learning piano under Mr. Smith.

  C.已经确定或安排好的将来活动。

  I'm leaving for a trek in Nepal next week.(已经安排了) we're flying to Paris tomorrow.(票已经拿到了)

  在实际运用时,现在进行时常用以下几种情况:

  (1)当句子中有now时,常表示动作正在进行,这时要用现在进行时。如:

  They are playing basketball now.现在他们正在打篮球。

  (2)以look, listen开头的句子,提示我们动作正进行,这时要用现在进行时。如:

  Listen!She is singing an English song.听,她正在唱英语歌。

  (3)表示当前一段时间或现阶段正在进行的动作,且此时有this week, these days等时间状语,这时常用现在进行时。如:

  We are making model planes these days.这些天我们在做飞机模型。

  (4)描述图片中的人物的动作,也为了表达更生动。此时也常用现在进行时。如:

  Look at the picture. The children are flying kites in the park.看这幅图,那些孩子正在公园放风筝。

  常见考法

  对于现在进行时的考查,多以单选或词语运用的形式考查学生在具体语境中灵活运用时态的能力。在考试中,会让大家判断是否该用现在进行时,或填写现在分词,或进行句型转换。

  典型例题1: Listen, who________(sing) in the music room?

  解析:以 listen开头,提示我们动作正进行,这时要用现在进行时。所以应用is singing

  典型例题2:The boys are visiting the history museum。(对划线部分提问)

  解析:对动作提问用What,现在进行时,把are 提到主语前,加doing。

  答案:What are the boys doing?

  误区提醒

  在口语中表示主语计划将要作的动作,用现在进行时表示将来时,这类情况常与come来,go去, leave离开,depart离开,arrive到达,stay逗留,start开始等动词连用。所用的动词必须是动作而不是状态,主语必须是人。

  典型例题:They are (leave)for New York tomorrow.

  解析:题意为“明天他们将要动身前往纽约”。虽然tomorrow 表示“明天”,表达未来,但leave要用现在进行时表示将来时,所以应用leaving 。

  答案:leaving

初中英语知识点总结14

  简单句的五种基本句型

  1.“主语+谓语”(即“主谓”句型)

  例:They arrived in Harbin yesterday morning.分析:“they”(主语)“arrived”(谓语)。

  2.“主语+谓语+宾语”(即“主谓宾”句型)

  例:I study English.分析:“I”(主语)“study”(谓语动作)“English”(宾语即动作涉及的对象)。

  3.“主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语”(即“主谓双宾”句型)

  例:Our teacher taught us English.分析:“our

  teacher”(主语)“教”(谓语动作)“us”(间接宾语)“English”(直接宾语)。

  4.“主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”(即“主谓宾宾补”句型)

  例:He asked her to go there.分析:“he”(主语)“asked”(谓语动作)“her”(宾语即动作涉及的对象)“to go

  there”(补语—补充说明宾语做什么)。

  5.“主语+系动词+表语”(即“主系表”句型)

  常用的`系动词有be, keep,lie, remain, stand, become, fall, get, go, grow, turn,

  look, feel, seem, smell, sound, taste,等。

  例:I am a teacher.分析:“I”(主语)“am”(系动词)“a teacher”(表语—即表明主语的身份)。

初中英语知识点总结15

  在英语中,to一词用法及其灵活。除了常见“to do”结构外,to还有介词和副词的用法。但我们大都是听过记忆类似“be devoted to

  doing”这种所谓的固定搭配学习,却不知其中的to到底是何意。不同用法中,to的.含义具体分别如下:

  1. 向,对着(某方向或某处):He walked to the school.他朝学校走去。

  2. 位于…方向:There are many buildings to the north of mountains.

  山北面坐落着很多楼房。

  3. 到,达(某处):Her long hair fell to the ground.她的长发垂到地上。

  4. 到,达(某状态):He always tries to work to perfection. 他总是努力将工作做到完美。

  5. 至(表示范围或一段时间的结尾或界限):The museum is open from 9:00 to

  17:00.博物馆开放时间为9:00到17:00。

  6. 差,离:It is ten to ten. 现在是十点差十分。(9:50)

  7. 给(引出接受者):My mother gave a birthday present to me. 妈妈送我生日礼物。

  8. 对于,关于(引出受事者):What have done to the little boy? 你对这个小男孩做了什么?

  9. 表示两件事物相接:The printer is connected to the computer. 打印机与电脑相连。

  10. 属于,归于(表示两事物或两人之间的关系):the key to the door门的钥匙

  11. 指向:Terrorism is a threat to peace. 恐怖主义是对和平的威胁。

  12. 表示引出比较的第二部分:

  My mother prefer swimming to walking. 比起散步,妈妈更喜欢游泳。

  China won the game by six goals to two.中国以六比二赢得比赛。

  13. 等于,每(表示数量或比率):There are 60 seconds to a minute. 一分钟六十秒。

  14. 向…表示敬意:

  We will build a monument to the soldiers who died in the earthquake.

  我们将为地震中牺牲的战士修建纪念碑。

  15. 伴随:Everybody danced happily to the music. 所有人随音乐换新起舞。

  16. 为了给(用于表示动作的动词后):The little boy rushed to his father. 小男孩向他爸爸冲过去。

  17. 适合,致使:To my surprise, Jack could pass the exam. 令我惊讶的是,杰克竟能通过考试。

  18. 按照…看法:To me, whether it’s right doesn’t matter. 对我而言,对错都不重要。

  以上是to 作为介词的主要用法,另外,to用作副词还有“关着”之意:

  1. Please push the door to. 请推门关上。

  2. to and fro 来来回回:He couldn’t calm down and walked to and fro in the

  room.他难以冷静下来,在房里走来走去。

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